前言

上一篇文章中已经给大家整体的介绍了开源监控系统Prometheus,其中Exporter作为整个系统的Agent端,通过HTTP接口暴露需要监控的数据。那么如何将用户指标通过Exporter的形式暴露出来呢?比如说在线,请求失败数,异常请求等指标可以通过Exporter的形式暴露出来,从而基于这些指标做告警监控。

 

演示环境

$ uname -a
Darwin 18.6.0 Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu Apr 25 23:16:27 PDT 2019; root:xnu-4903.261.4~2/RELEASE_X86_64 x86_64
$ go version
go version go1.12.4 darwin/amd64

 

四类指标介绍

Prometheus定义了4种不同的指标类型:Counter(计数器),Gauge(仪表盘),Histogram(直方图),Summary(摘要)。

其中Exporter返回的样本数据中会包含数据类型的说明,例如:

# TYPE node_network_carrier_changes_total counter
node_network_carrier_changes_total{device="br-01520cb4f523"} 1

这四类指标的特征为:

Counter:只增不减(除非系统发生重启,或者用户进程有异常)的计数器。常见的监控指标如http_requests_total, node_cpu都是Counter类型的监控指标。一般推荐在定义为Counter的指标末尾加上_total作为后缀。

Gauge:可增可减的仪表盘。Gauge类型的指标侧重于反应系统当前的状态。因此此类指标的数据可增可减。常见的例如node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes(可用内存)。

HIstogram:分析数据分布的直方图。显示数据的区间分布。例如统计请求耗时在0-10ms的请求数量和10ms-20ms的请求数量分布。

Summary: 分析数据分布的摘要。显示数据的中位数,9分数等。

 

实战

接下来我将用Prometheus提供的Golang SDK 编写包含上述四类指标的Exporter,示例的编写修改自SDK的example。由于example中示例比较复杂,我会精简一下,尽量让大家用最小的学习成本能够领悟到Exporter开发的精髓。第一个例子会演示Counter和Gauge的用法,第二个例子演示Histogram和Summary的用法。

Counter和Gauge用法演示:

package mainimport ("flag""log""net/http""github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"
)var addr = flag.String("listen-address", ":8080", "The address to listen on for HTTP requests.")func main() {flag.Parse()http.Handle("/metrics", promhttp.Handler())log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(*addr, nil))
}

上述代码就是一个通过0.0.0.0:8080/metrics 暴露golang信息的原始Exporter,没有包含任何的用户自定义指标信息。接下来往里面添加Counter和Gauge类型指标:

 1 func recordMetrics() {
 2     go func() {
 3         for {
 4             opsProcessed.Inc()
 5             myGague.Add(11)
 6             time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
 7         }
 8     }()
 9 }
10 
11 var (
12     opsProcessed = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
13         Name: "myapp_processed_ops_total",
14         Help: "The total number of processed events",
15     })
16     myGague = promauto.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
17         Name: "my_example_gauge_data",
18         Help: "my example gauge data",
19         ConstLabels:map[string]string{"error":""},
20     })
21 )

在上面的main函数中添加recordMetrics方法调用。curl 127.0.0.1:8080/metrics 能看到自定义的Counter类型指标myapp_processed_ops_total 和 Gauge 类型指标my_example_gauge_data。

# HELP my_example_gauge_data my example gauge data
# TYPE my_example_gauge_data gauge
my_example_gauge_data{error=""} 44
# HELP myapp_processed_ops_total The total number of processed events
# TYPE myapp_processed_ops_total counter
myapp_processed_ops_total 4

其中#HELP 是代码中的Help字段信息,#TYPE 说明字段的类型,例如my_example_gauge_data是gauge类型指标。my_example_gauge_data是指标名称,大括号括起来的error是该指标的维度,44是该指标的值。需要特别注意的是第12行和16行用的是promauto包的NewXXX方法,例如:

func NewCounter(opts prometheus.CounterOpts) prometheus.Counter {c := prometheus.NewCounter(opts)prometheus.MustRegister(c)return c
}

可以看到该函数是会自动调用MustRegister方法,如果用的是prometheus包的NewCounter则需要再自行调用MustRegister注册收集的指标。其中Couter类型指标有以下的内置接口:

type Counter interface {MetricCollector// Inc increments the counter by 1. Use Add to increment it by arbitrary// non-negative values.
    Inc()// Add adds the given value to the counter. It panics if the value is <// 0.
    Add(float64)
}

可以通过Inc()接口给指标直接进行+1操作,也可以通过Add(float64)给指标加上某个值。还有继承自Metric和Collector的一些描述接口,这里不做展开。

Gauge类型的内置接口有:

type Gauge interface {MetricCollector// Set sets the Gauge to an arbitrary value.
    Set(float64)// Inc increments the Gauge by 1. Use Add to increment it by arbitrary// values.
    Inc()// Dec decrements the Gauge by 1. Use Sub to decrement it by arbitrary// values.
    Dec()// Add adds the given value to the Gauge. (The value can be negative,// resulting in a decrease of the Gauge.)
    Add(float64)// Sub subtracts the given value from the Gauge. (The value can be// negative, resulting in an increase of the Gauge.)
    Sub(float64)// SetToCurrentTime sets the Gauge to the current Unix time in seconds.
    SetToCurrentTime()
}

需要注意的是Gauge提供了Sub(float64)的减操作接口,因为Gauge是可增可减的指标。Counter因为是只增不减的指标,所以只有加的接口。

 

Histogram和Summary用法演示:

 1 package main
 2 
 3 import (
 4     "flag"
 5     "fmt"
 6     "log"
 7     "math"
 8     "math/rand"
 9     "net/http"
10     "time"
11 
12     "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
13     "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp"
14 )
15 
16 var (
17     addr              = flag.String("listen-address", ":8080", "The address to listen on for HTTP requests.")
18     uniformDomain     = flag.Float64("uniform.domain", 0.0002, "The domain for the uniform distribution.")
19     normDomain        = flag.Float64("normal.domain", 0.0002, "The domain for the normal distribution.")
20     normMean          = flag.Float64("normal.mean", 0.00001, "The mean for the normal distribution.")
21     oscillationPeriod = flag.Duration("oscillation-period", 10*time.Minute, "The duration of the rate oscillation period.")
22 )
23 
24 var (
25     rpcDurations = prometheus.NewSummaryVec(
26         prometheus.SummaryOpts{
27             Name:       "rpc_durations_seconds",
28             Help:       "RPC latency distributions.",
29             Objectives: map[float64]float64{0.5: 0.05, 0.9: 0.01, 0.99: 0.001},
30         },
31         []string{"service","error_code"},
32     )
33     rpcDurationsHistogram = prometheus.NewHistogram(prometheus.HistogramOpts{
34         Name:    "rpc_durations_histogram_seconds",
35         Help:    "RPC latency distributions.",
36         Buckets: prometheus.LinearBuckets(0, 5, 20),
37     })
38 )
39 
40 func init() {
41     // Register the summary and the histogram with Prometheus's default registry.
42     prometheus.MustRegister(rpcDurations)
43     prometheus.MustRegister(rpcDurationsHistogram)
44     // Add Go module build info.
45     prometheus.MustRegister(prometheus.NewBuildInfoCollector())
46 }
47 
48 func main() {
49     flag.Parse()
50 
51     start := time.Now()
52 
53     oscillationFactor := func() float64 {
54         return 2 + math.Sin(math.Sin(2*math.Pi*float64(time.Since(start))/float64(*oscillationPeriod)))
55     }
56 
57     go func() {
58         i := 1
59         for {
60             time.Sleep(time.Duration(75*oscillationFactor()) * time.Millisecond)
61             if (i*3) > 100 {
62                 break
63             }
64             rpcDurations.WithLabelValues("normal","400").Observe(float64((i*3)%100))
65             rpcDurationsHistogram.Observe(float64((i*3)%100))
66             fmt.Println(float64((i*3)%100), " i=", i)
67             i++
68         }
69     }()
70 
71     go func() {
72         for {
73             v := rand.ExpFloat64() / 1e6
74             rpcDurations.WithLabelValues("exponential", "303").Observe(v)
75             time.Sleep(time.Duration(50*oscillationFactor()) * time.Millisecond)
76         }
77     }()
78 
79     // Expose the registered metrics via HTTP.
80     http.Handle("/metrics", promhttp.Handler())
81     log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(*addr, nil))
82 }

第25-32行定义了一个Summary类型指标,其中有service和errro_code两个维度。第33-37行定义了一个Histogram类型指标,从0开始,5为宽度,有20个直方。也就是0-5,6-10,11-15 …. 等20个范围统计。

其中直方图HIstogram指标的相关结果为:

 1 # HELP rpc_durations_histogram_seconds RPC latency distributions.
 2 # TYPE rpc_durations_histogram_seconds histogram
 3 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="0"} 0
 4 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="5"} 1
 5 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="10"} 3
 6 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="15"} 5
 7 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="20"} 6
 8 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="25"} 8
 9 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="30"} 10
10 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="35"} 11
11 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="40"} 13
12 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="45"} 15
13 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="50"} 16
14 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="55"} 18
15 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="60"} 20
16 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="65"} 21
17 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="70"} 23
18 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="75"} 25
19 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="80"} 26
20 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="85"} 28
21 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="90"} 30
22 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="95"} 31
23 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_bucket{le="+Inf"} 33
24 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_sum 1683
25 rpc_durations_histogram_seconds_count 33

xxx_count反应当前指标的记录总数,xxx_sum表示当前指标的总数。不同的le表示不同的区间,后面的数字是从开始到这个区间的总数。例如le="30"后面的10表示有10个样本落在0-30区间,那么26-30这个区间一共有多少个样本呢,只需要用len="30" – len="25",即2个。也就是27和30这两个点。

Summary相关的结果如下:

 1 # HELP rpc_durations_seconds RPC latency distributions.
 2 # TYPE rpc_durations_seconds summary
 3 rpc_durations_seconds{error_code="303",service="exponential",quantile="0.5"} 7.176288428497417e-07
 4 rpc_durations_seconds{error_code="303",service="exponential",quantile="0.9"} 2.6582266087185467e-06
 5 rpc_durations_seconds{error_code="303",service="exponential",quantile="0.99"} 4.013935374172691e-06
 6 rpc_durations_seconds_sum{error_code="303",service="exponential"} 0.00015065426336339398
 7 rpc_durations_seconds_count{error_code="303",service="exponential"} 146
 8 rpc_durations_seconds{error_code="400",service="normal",quantile="0.5"} 51
 9 rpc_durations_seconds{error_code="400",service="normal",quantile="0.9"} 90
10 rpc_durations_seconds{error_code="400",service="normal",quantile="0.99"} 99
11 rpc_durations_seconds_sum{error_code="400",service="normal"} 1683
12 rpc_durations_seconds_count{error_code="400",service="normal"} 33

其中sum和count指标的含义和上面Histogram一致。拿第8-10行指标来说明,第8行的quantile 0.5 表示这里指标的中位数是51,9分数是90。

 

自定义类型

如果上面Counter,Gauge,Histogram,Summary四种内置指标都不能满足我们要求时,我们还可以自定义类型。只要实现了Collect接口的方法,然后调用MustRegister即可:

func MustRegister(cs ...Collector) {DefaultRegisterer.MustRegister(cs...)
}type Collector interface {Describe(chan<- *Desc)Collect(chan<- Metric)
}

 

总结

文章通过Prometheus内置的Counter(计数器),Gauge(仪表盘),Histogram(直方图),Summary(摘要)演示了Exporter的开发,最后提供了自定义类型的实现方法。

 

参考

https://prometheus.io/docs/guides/go-application/

https://yunlzheng.gitbook.io/prometheus-book/parti-prometheus-ji-chu/promql/prometheus-metrics-types

https://songjiayang.gitbooks.io/prometheus/content/concepts/metric-types.html

 

 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/makelu/p/11082485.html